|
"One Kitchen or Fifty?": Conveniences, Cooperation, Consumption * |
|
|
|
|
| FEATURED SOURCES | EXPLORE FURTHER |
"A Well-Lighted House" from Farm Homes In-doors and Out-doors (1881) by E. H. Leland. |
This plan and book Fig. 4, "A Well-Lighted House" Farm Homes (1881) Catalog record More plans from this book Fig. 5, for a small family Fig. 8 awaits an added parlor Fig. 10, "a western farm-house" Illustrations "A Milk Cupboard" "A Home-Made Butter Worker" Household Conveniences (1884) Advertising "De Laval Cream Separators" (1907) The Ladies' Home Journal Texts "Milk and Butter" Motherly Talks with Young Housekeepers (1873) "Dairy and Bacon" Our Farm of Two Acres (1865) "The Dairy-Room" "Farm Neighborhoods" Farm Homes (1881) ^ TOP |
Click on the links in the right-hand column above for materials that describe, among other things, how large kitchens, pantries, and milk-rooms and the equipment they contained supported women's roles as food producers on their own farms and in their own households.
The pamphlet below advertised a beater intended to help housewives prepare meals more efficiently. Click the links in the right-hand column below for other tools and spaces designed to save women's time and energy.
![]() ![]() From Women of the Future (1916) by Meta Lilienthal. |
This text Read more Catalog record More texts "Introduction" Woman and Socialism (1910) "The Changing Status of Women" The Task of Social Hygiene (1912) "Changes Socialism Would Bring" Woman and the Social Problem (1899) "The External Results of the Woman Movement" The Woman Movement (1912) "Consumption (I)" Human Work (1904) All Socialism ^ TOP |
Some women and men believed that a few cooks working together in a central facility could prepare better-quality meals more efficiently than many individuals laboring in even the best-equipped separate kitchens. They hoped their proposals would free many women to choose other kinds of work. Arguments for and experiments in socialized and cooperative domestic work are featured above and below. Click the links in the right-hand column for additional examples.
![]() "Community Kitchen, New York City" from For God, For Country, For Home (1920) by Bessie Rowland James. |
This photograph and book "Community Kitchen" For God, For Country (1920) Catalog record More photographs from this book "School Children in Community Kitchen" "Demonstration Centre, TX" "Community Cannery, NC" "Community Cannery Inside" "Canning Kitchen, NY" Text from this book "Home Economics in the War" ^ TOP |
![]() ![]() "The New England Kitchen, Pleasant Street, Boston" from The Rumford Kitchen Leaflets (1899) No. 17. |
This magazine and photograph Read more "The New England Kitchen" (2) Catalog record Some student observations More photographs from this magazine "The New England Kitchen" (1) "The New England Kitchen" (3) "Lunch Room in the Rumford Kitchen" Texts "Cooperative Housekeeping" The World's Congress of Representative Women (1894) "Public Kitchens" Successful Family Life on the Moderate Income (1921) "Food and Living Services" Women Professional Workers (1921) "Can Land Be Overloaded?" Housing and Town Planning (1914) "Apartment Houses" House and Home (1923) Plans: Apartment Houses "Plans for Group Houses" "Typical Floor Plan" House and Home (1923) ^ TOP |
With words and with house plans, others argued against these socialist proposals. They thought women living in even the smallest houses should stay home and cook for their families in individual kitchens. Click on the links in the right-hand column below for more examples.
![]() From Successful Family Life on the Moderate Income (1921) by Mary Hinman Abel. |
This text Read more Catalog record More texts "The Workingman's Home" Housing and Town Planning (1914) "The Individualistic Era" "The Factory System" Industrial Housing (1920) "Work-Center Trends" Household Management and Kitchens (1932) ^ TOP |
![]() Albany Home Building Co. (Albany, NY) Plan 1, c. 1900. From the Housing category of the Social Museum Collection. |
This plan Zoomable version (with photo and description) Catalog record More plans Dennison Co. Plan 1 Dennison Co. Plan 2 Cornell Co. Plan A Boston Dwelling House Diagram 1 Boston Dwelling House Diagram 2 All Housing of Working People All Housing Social Museum Collection Still more plans "A Seashore Bungalow" (1915) "A Five-Hundred-Dollar Cottage" (1899) Woman's Home Companion "A Complete Small Suburban House" (1907) "A $3500 Shingle House" (1896) "A Small House" by Frank Lloyd Wright (1901) The Ladies' Home Journal Advertising "Wonderful Range with Three Ovens...less than four feet long" (1921) "Now Serving 2,000,000 Homes" (1915) "Low Fuel Cost" (1903) Woman's Home Companion "The Western Electric Toaster" To Lighten the Labor of Your Home (1919?) ^ TOP |
Food manufacturers and advertisers offered other ways to help women save time in their kitchens.
"The modern housewife has been forced by these industrial and economic changes into even a more responsible position [than that of producer], that of spender and buyer--she has become the purchasing agent of the home and of society," wrote Christine Frederick in The New Housekeeping (1924). "It took manual labour and skill to supply the needs of her family with her own hands fifty years ago; but it takes more thought and intelligence to purchase for the needs of her family by wise expenditure at the present day."
For the text quoted, and for more materials on women as consumers, click the links in the right-hand column below.
|
Selected Bibliography for "One Kitchen or Fifty?": Conveniences, Cooperation, Consumption * Adams, Annmarie. Architecture in the Family Way: Doctors, Houses, and Women, 1870-1900. Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996. This study focuses on England, but Adams discusses parallel trends in the United States and points out some differences. On pages 99-101 she says late nineteenth-century American women "were encouraged to make extensive renovations to their homes, including substantial changes to the plans of their houses." She specifically cites Helen Dodd and her book The Healthful Farmhouse. Hayden, Dolores. The Grand Domestic Revolution: A History of Feminist Designs for American Homes, Neighborhoods, and Cities. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1981. In part III, "Cooperative Housekeeping," see especially chapter 4, "Housewives in Harvard Square," where the Cambridge Cooperative Housekeeping Society is featured. The New England Kitchen and the Rumford Kitchen are discussed in part IV, chapter 8, "Public Kitchens, Social Settlements, and the Cooperative Ideal." In part V, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Influence," see especially chapter 10, "Community Kitchens and Cooked Food Services." And in part VI, "Backlash," see especially chapter 13, "Madame Kollontai and Mrs. Consumer," where Christine Frederick, author of The New Housekeeping, appears on pages 285-289. McMurry, Sally. Families and Farmhouses in Nineteenth-Century America: Vernacular Design and Social Change. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. See chapter 4, "The Spheres Diverge: Work on the Progressive Farmstead, 1855-1885," especially pages 99-104 and 111-118, which describe how kitchen design reflected changes in women's roles, responsibilities, and ambitions. Wright, Gwendolyn. Moralism and the Model Home: Domestic Architecture and Cultural Conflict in Chicago, 1873-1913. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980. Plans published in The Ladies' Home Journal, including those by Frank Lloyd Wright, are discussed on pages 136-140 of chapter 4, "The Homelike World." In chapter 5, "Model Housewives and Model Houses," Mrs. Coleman Stuckert's cooperative housekeeping project and the Rumford Kitchen are included (page 152) in a discussion of the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. ^ TOP Related Learning Standards for "One Kitchen or Fifty?": Conveniences, Cooperation, Consumption * Standards: National Center for History in the Schools Standards: California Standards: Massachusetts National Center for History in the Schools National Standards for History Standards in Historical Thinking (Grades 5-12)
United States History Standards (Grades 5-12)
Standard 1C: The student understands the limitations of Progressivism and the alternatives offered by various groups.
Standard 3A: The student understands social tensions and their consequences in the postwar era.
California History-Social Science Academic Content Standards Analysis Skills: Research, Evidence, and Point of View (Grades 6-8)
8.12 Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution.
Analysis Skills: Research, Evidence, and Point of View (Grades 9-12)
11.5 Students analyze the major political, social, economic, technological, and cultural developments of the 1920s.
Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Framework Concepts and Skills (Grades 8-12): History and Geography
Industrial America and Its Emerging Role in International Affairs, 1870-1920
The Age of Reform: Progressivism and the New Deal, 1900-1940
* "One Kitchen or Fifty?" is a quote from Mary Hinman Abel, Successful Family Life on the Moderate Income. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1921, p. 72. ^ TOP women and socialism, feminist socialists, socialist feminists, community kitchens, cooperative kitchens, public kitchens, domestic architecture, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century house plans, female architects, women architects, women and architecture, feminist architecture, history of feminism, history of socialism, women's history, primary sources for teaching history and social studies, primary sources for history and social studies teachers, primary documents for teaching history and social studies, primary documents for history and social studies teachers |










